How to consider gender in science reporting

经过：Juan Casasbuenas

科学中的许多主题，或更普遍的主题性别尺寸;如果考虑性别，您可以讲述一个更完整，诚实，更丰富和更充实的故事。

通过将性别镜头应用于故事的不同方面，您可以考虑明显的声音，也可以考虑通常缺少的声音。但是，您如何应用此性别镜头？

它不仅仅是确保您采访男女，还更多地将在您考虑的众多性别之一中建立性别维度之一。这是故事创作的文化和过程的一部分，当然不是挑剔的练习。

作为一名记者，您已经在考虑一个故事的地理，文化，社会政治，经济和其他方面。本指南将支持您在该曲目中添加性别。

完美的考虑因素

There are many topics where you can tell more complete stories by considering gender.

For example, if you are writing about Ebola it is fundamental to consider that West African women are disproportionately affected by the virus because they are more likely to be nurses or cleaners in the publichealth部门。[1]

并非所有主题都会具有如此明显的性别角度，但是从所有受试者都具有性别维度的假设开始可能会导致您带来一些意想不到的故事。以下是关键注意事项的列表scidev.neteditors and journalists suggest you employ when developing stories.

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Some important questions to consider
	请记住，“性别敏感”的报告意味着包括男人和女人。
	考虑：故事中的女人或男性是否不可见？她们的存在能浮出水面吗？
	Consider: Who is marginalised by the technology/advance/policy/research that you are reporting on?
	拉开统计数据 - 男女的数据是否分开？
	Has the underlying research you are reporting on considered how it might impact women and men differently?
	考虑：对记者，受访者还是其他任何人有风险以性别角度举报这一点？如何将这种风险最小化？
	Interview a gender analyst if it is relevant.
	Consider tapping into available statistics and data on gender.
	How will you avoid stereotyping male and female roles when including a gender angle?

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询问有关研究的正确问题

Don’t assume that science is ‘gender neutral’. Question whether the study design has taken into account the needs of both women and men equally.

For example, in the past women were excluded from toxicology research, creating flaws in our understanding of the adverse health effects of exposure to toxic metals. We now know that these affect women and men in significantly different ways. [2] The lack ofdata关于毒理学模型的女性意味着特定药物可能对男人和女性有所不同，这可能对个性化构成障碍药物。

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重要的是要为男女的数据收集数据，认识到存在差异的地方，并确定这些差异为何要确保提出的干预措施的更大安全性和有效性，例如多样化人群使用的医疗产品。

	Data collection
	这项研究是否收集了性别/性别的数据，或者仅收集了一个数据，如果是这样，为什么？
	Are the commonly used methods (such as questionnaires, surveys) and sources of data (such as biobanks, observational studies) sensitive to gathering sex/gender information?

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Even if data are collected for male and females, it is not always the case that analyses discriminate between the two. This will certainly have implications for the validity of conclusions made.

	Data analysis
	数据是否被性别/性别隔离并进行了分析以证明是否存在显着差异？
	Have the observed effects been different for males and females and if so why?

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Women and men may have different needs and expectations for research outcomes and this should be reflected in the results, it will also have implications for the validity of conclusions made.

	Results
	Has the researcher identified if being male or female impacts on the outcomes of the intervention and explained these?
	Do the results account for differences within the group (men or women) depending on age, ethnicity, and physical characteristics such as obesity or height of the subjects?

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Science-led development initiatives are not uncommon but they frequently fail to integrate gender research. Reporting research in a way that highlights impacts on women and men will help mainstream this knowledge into sustainable development initiatives.

	Conclusions
	Who will benefit from this research in terms of sex/gender?
	如果出于任何原因的好处是性别/性别偏见，那么在研究中的下一步措施是什么？

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选择正确的image for your story

您选择与故事一起使用的图像通常是读者回应的第一件事。照片并不总是与他们的公开内容有关；在仔细检查后，通常会有不同的意义层。

This is important because the subjects of the photo, what they are doing, how they relate to each other, the photo’s composition, and many other characteristics will have an impact on the message that the reader might take away from the article or story.

照片在性别平等方面还可以发挥重要作用，在选择图像时值得一提。它会挑战或加强刻板印象吗？它是否通过描绘各种角色的男人和女人来促进包容？它是否使读者考虑这个故事可能对男人和女人的影响如何有所不同？图像真的适合故事的内容吗？

There are a whole host of questions like this to consider. The following are three images fromscidev.netarticles with their respective headlines. They have been annotated for key features that made them suitable for the article or story in question.

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	Men and woman playing an active role — does not reinforce any stereotypical gender roles.
	通过颜色传达多样性 - 主题会影响各种各样的人。
	男人和女人同样参与知情，因为研究对男人和女人有影响。

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	城市可持续性也需要考虑到城市以外的人的发展需求；该图显示了男女参与的重要日常活动。
	图像显示了农村地区而不是城市地区 - 与标题形成鲜明对比，并使其更令人难忘或引人注目。
	向人们展示了向观众的支持，这可能象征着被忽视的城市郊区。

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	Image shows collaboration between men and women.
	In this image, both the woman and man have access to the technology; it can convey the need for technology to be inclusive.

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量身定制您对该主题的方法

How you choose to approach a story will depend on the subject matter or topic; not just the scientific research. There will be different aspects to consider depending on whether you are talking about the implications of a new政策or writing aboutbiofuels。

scidev.neteditors and journalists have suggested the following general and gender-specific points to consider for key development topics.

• 技术，采矿，运输，城市化

• 	技术的间接影响。例如，采矿可能具有环境和劳动力尺寸。beplay足球体育的微博
  	The affordability differentials for a new technology, or the impact on other resources required by a family.
  	对家庭中不同个人的健康的影响。
  	How the labour movement/migration required by some industries affect individuals within families.
  	Who receives the income from the technology.

• 气候，健康，营养

• 	Women’s input into health/nutrition stories as parents, and their involvement in child health.
  	Will female or male beneficiaries have different levels of access to what’s being reported on e.g. food, aid, health initiative.
  	想想母亲的健康角度。
  	Lifestyle/physiological and cultural aspects of disease vectors.

• Policymakers, implementing technologies

• 	变革在社区层面的影响。
  	What needs to be asked of policymakers? For example, inclusion, barriers, participation, opportunity.
  	是否以性别盲的方式实施政策？
  	If policymakers are deciding on a new technology, have civil society/user groups been consulted about access and usability?
  	实施者是否认为女性是技术的参与者/受益人？技术使用的障碍是什么？
  	实施者是否认为妇女是一个市场，还是将性别平衡视为问题？

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Useful networks and resources

将性别作为故事的层面的挑战之一是知道在哪里寻找有关主题，地区或科学本身的可靠和相关信息。以下是一系列资源，您可能会发现有效地将性别镜头应用于科学和发展主题。

• 性别InSITE
• 一个国际网络，旨在提高决策者对全球发展挑战的性别和科学，创新，技术和工程（现场）维度的认识。

  如果您正在研究与农业和粮食安全有关的故事，这将很有用；beplay下载官网西西软件活力;教育和劳动力；气候变化；水与卫生；运输;和基础设施。
  

• 性别峰会
• The Gender Summits are a series of interconnected action-based conferences held across the globe under the theme Quality Research and Innovation through Equality.
  这对于了解性别平等在研究和创新质量中的含义很有用。
  
• 全球的Network of UNESCO Chairs on Gender
• A global network that brings together 12 UNESCO Chairs on gender; developing gender research, training and advocacy in different fields around the world.
  This is useful if you are looking for regional/country information and perspectives on key gender and development issues from around the world.
  
• 性别ed Innovations
• The peer-reviewed Gendered Innovations project develops practical methods of sex and gender analysis for scientists and engineers; and provides case studies as concrete illustrations of how sex and gender analysis leads to innovation.
  This is useful to better understand the relevance of sex and gender in research. Practical resource with checklists, guidelines, cases studies and much more on a number of topics.
• Pacific Science Association
• 未来的人力资源：亚洲和太平洋科学的妇女和年轻科学家致力于一个更公平，可持续的全球社区，所有男女都有平等的机会来应对全球社区面临的挑战。
  This is useful if you want to learn more about gender in science, technology, engineering and mathematic South East Asia and Pacific Region.
  
• Forum for African Women Educationalists
• Promotes gender equity and equality in education in Africa by fostering positive policies, practices and attitudes towards girls’ education.

  This is useful if your story explores educational issues in Africa.
  

• ENERGIA
• 一个针对非洲和亚洲的国际性别和可持续能源网络。
  This is useful if you are working on a story about sustainable energy in Africa and Asia.

• WOCAN
• 妇女组织农业和自然资源管理的变革是女性和男性专业人士的国际会员beplay下载官网西西软件网络，为农业和自然资源管理组织提供专业知识。
  如果您正在研究有关农业或自然资源管理的故事，这将很有用。beplay下载官网西西软件
  
• 联合国栖息地
• UN-HABITAT是联合国计划，致力于建立更好的城市未来。性别页面侧重于妇女和女孩的土地和住房权；城市妇女和女孩的安全；妇女和贫民窟；妇女和女孩的生计和经济赋权；地方和城市治理中的妇女和女孩；妇女和女孩的健康；促进性别平等的城镇。

  如果您正在研究有关城市或城市化的故事，这将很有用。
  

• IRC Women and Water
• IRC is an international think-and-do tank that works with governments, NGOs, entrepreneurs and people around the world to find long-term solutions to the global crisis in water, sanitation and hygiene services.
  This is useful if you are working on a story about sustainable water, sanitation and hygiene services.

性别-sensitive reporting will be a new way of working for many journalists. But if you apply these tips and mine these information sources, you’ll soon be telling richer stories — and ones that more completely reflect the lives of both men and women.

This practical guide was written in collaboration with the following people:

Shirley Malcom, head of the directorate for education and human resources programmes at the American Association for the Advancement of Science. She is also co-chair联合国科学技术发展委员会的性别咨询委员会和全球性别委员会（科学，创新，技术和工程学的性别）活动。