WHO guidance weighs risks, rewards of GM mosquitoes

[NEW DELHI] The World Health Organization (WHO) has released newguidancefor the deployment of genetically modified (GM) mosquitoes to combat vector-borne diseases like malaria and dengue.

GM mosquitoes may carry a gene that kills female progeny and thetechnologycan be used against theAedes aegyptimosquito that carries dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses. Formalaria, genetic modification has focused on reducing the ability of the femaleAnophelesmosquito to carry the parasite that causes thedisease.

The WHO guidance, released this month, relates toresearch and developmentof GM mosquitoes as well as issues around effectiveness, safety, affordability and ethics.

Presently, measures against mosquito vectors include the use of insecticides and elimination of the breeding spots of mosquito larva, said the guidance, developed in partnership with WHO collaborators such as theSpecial Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseasesand theGeneConveneGlobal Collaborative.

“In considering the potential of new technologies to address the unmet needs of mosquito control, it is necessary to evaluate their risks and benefits in the context of the current situation,” said the guidance. It noted that using GM mosquitoes to control similar groups of mosquitoes in the community can cut the transmission of malaria and dengue.

But due to the novelty of these, various forums have called for field trials to be carried out thoroughly and transparently in the interests ofhealthandenvironmentalsafety.

According to a 19 May WHOstatement, GM vector mosquitoes, if found safe, effective and affordable, could combat diseases such as malaria and dengue and eliminate their substantial burden on health, the economy and society.

The guidance includes measures to improve understanding of the effects GM mosquitoes may have on the environment, human health and animal health. It focuses on updates on the most effective strategies for risk evaluation and engagement of stakeholders.

According to Diabaté Abdoulaye, an entomologist at theInstitut de Recherche en Science de La Santé (IRSS)in Burkina Faso, WHO sees the added value of this new vector control approach to current intervention tools, but is also aware of the responsibility of scientists, and WHO itself, in delivering safe malaria control.

“所有的重要成分can guarantee responsible and safe use of this technology including the technical challenges, legal and ethical issues, risk assessment and public engagement, are in this document to guide scientists,” he tellsSciDev.Net.

“GM manipulation of mosquitoes is coming, and it is excellent that there is a plan in place to help guide policy decisions about this technology and to protect the environment and communities,” says Roly Gosling, professor of epidemiology and biostatistics and senior advisor to theMalaria Elimination Initiative,University of California San Francisco, US.

“whether the guidelines are effective will depend on the fine balance between making rapid progress against vector-borne diseases with GM mosquitoes vs. the safety and ethics of the new technology”

Roly Gosling, University of California San Francisco

“However, whether the guidelines are effective will depend on the fine balance between making rapid progress against vector-borne diseases with GM mosquitoes vs. the safety and ethics of the new technology,” he adds.

Rahuldeb Sarkar, a public health specialist and consultant atMedway Hospital, Kent, UK, tellsSciDev.Netthat because mosquitoes form an important part in the food chain and are pollinators, eradicating a mosquito species may have unknown consequences for the ecosystem. “These effects, of course, should be examined in their entirety,” he says.

GM mosquitoes have been deployed in Brazil and India to controlAedes aegyptimosquitoes that carry dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses.

This piece was produced by SciDev.Net’s Asia & Pacific desk.