07/07/20

安全渴望肉类食品系统以防止下一个大流行

5 Animal diseases - MAIN
为牛肉饲养的牛。专家说,动物蛋白的强化农业是新兴疾病的来源。beplay下载官网西西软件版权:Alex Proimos,,,,(CC BY-NC 2.0)

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  • 专家说,新兴疾病的动beplay下载官网西西软件物蛋白质来源强化农业
  • But, understanding of animal pathogen spillover incomplete, making pandemic prediction difficult
  • 在预警系统中需要投资,一种健康准备

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Sustainable agriculture and better health monitoring needed to break chain of disease transmission in food systems.

Stronger biosecurity measures in the global food system could help prevent future pandemics, scientists say, as the rate at which diseases jump from animals to humans is increasing.

Epidemiologists, ecologists and veterinarians say zoonoses — germs that can spread from animals to humans — are emerging in part because of unsustainable agricultural practices aimed at meeting the demand for animal protein from growing populations.

在全球南部,肉类产量在过去50年中增长了260%,牛奶产量增长了90%,鸡蛋产量增长了340%。

“The best chance we have of effectively dealing with another coronavirus or similar infectious pathogen is at the beginning — when spillover occurs — and by ensuring global coordination.”

全球监视协调员,食品和农业组织Sophie von dobschuetzbeplay下载官网西西软件

“Most emerging diseases over the last century have come from intensive agriculture, not wet markets,” Delia Grace Randolph, a professor of food safety systems at the University of Greenwich and a contributing scientist at the Kenya-based International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), tellsscidev.net。湿市场出售新鲜食品,而不是干燥,包装的商品,有些则出售活鱼和动物。

伦道夫是new report由ILRI和联合国环境计划(UNEP)共同出版,该计划指出,据估计,大约6beplay足球体育的微博0%的人类感染具有动物来源。

在新的和新兴的人类传染病中,大约75%的“跳跃物种”从动物到人。大多数人畜共患病通过蚊子等昆虫间接发生,或者更常见的是通过食物系统。

饥饿

Randolph and co-authors say the “vast majority” of animals involved in zoonotic outbreaks are domestic livestock or pets — domesticated animal species share an average of 19 zoonotic viruses with people, while the average for wild animals is just 0.23 viruses, they say.

As the global human population continues to surge, the number of domesticated animals that provide protein-hungry societies with food and the number of animals, such as rats, that thrive in such environments have also increased, the report says.

Pathogen flow at the wildlife-livestock-human interface
Pathogen flow at the wildlife-livestock-human interface
信用:改编自UNEP

野生栖息地已成为人类populat解决ions, bringing people and livestock into closer proximity with wildlife, notes UNEP executive director Inger Andersen. “Once established in humans, these diseases quickly spread across our interconnected world, as we have seen with COVID-19,” Andersen says.

Low- and middle-income countries’ food supply chains are lengthening and diversifying. There is increased demand for animal protein and agricultural intensification is poorly regulated, all of which creates additional opportunities for disease transmission, notes the report.

食品系统

The burden of neglected zoonotic diseases falls heaviest on the world’s poor, vulnerable and marginalised people, the report says. Animal-human disease control programmes need to find ways to reduce the barriers that disadvantaged groups face in managing diseases in their animals and improve access to disease control services.

食品系统必须改变了通过提高波里cy, regulation and the monitoring of traditional food markets, because while some recent zoonotic pandemics originated from wildlife, many also came from livestock. “Our food system is good at delivering large amounts of calories to ever-increasing populations,” Randolph tellsscidev.net。“It is bad at reducing health externalities, such as obesity and disease.

“如果我们继续使用当前的食品系统,我们将不可避免地患有更多的新兴疾病。”

The global food system “needs to be improved”, Randolph says, “but it is not broken”.

beplay足球体育的微博环境热点

Agriculture and meat production are significant contributors of greenhouse gases, both directly and through land-use change — Andersen notes that the drivers of pandemics are often the same drivers of climate change and biodiversity loss.

Accelerating climate change has made conditions more conducive to the spread of infectious and mosquito-borne diseases that plague poor communities, such as malaria and dengue fever, and trypanosomiasis — sleeping sickness — which isspread by tsetse flies

"Climate change results in changing environmental conditions, which impacts on the ecosystem characteristics and as a result, it changes the distribution of animal species, and therefore also of any microorganisms which they carry,” Dirk Pfeiffer, a professor of veterinary epidemiology at City University of Hong Kong and the Royal Veterinary College in London, tellsscidev.net

“The worry associated with these changes is that we struggle to make meaningful predictions in terms of what will happen.”

2017年关键研究published in自然通讯绘制了人畜共患溢出的全球热点,重点是野生动植物作为起源。它认为,在森林的热带地区,出现与农业,伐木,采矿和基础设施发展有关的土地利用变化的风险最大。beplay下载官网西西软件该研究还发现,富含哺乳动物物种多样性的地区的人畜共患病风险很高,并指出“生物多样性与疾病风险之间的关系是复杂的,背景特定的和特殊的”。

但是,对人畜共患溢出的理解是不完整的,兽医流行病学家毫不犹豫地说出下一个死人的大流行将起源。专家仍在努力确定Covid-19和其他冠状病毒(例如2003年严重的急性呼吸综合征(SARS)病毒)如何出现。遗传突变的可能性或viral recombinationof genetically unrelated virus strains, are also alarming scientists.

“Gaps in virus understanding, early reporting, and immediate response all present huge bottlenecks,” Sophie Von Dobschuetz, global surveillance coordinator at the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), tellsscidev.net

“The best chance we have of effectively dealing with another coronavirus or similar infectious pathogen is at the beginning — when spillover occurs — and by ensuring global coordination.”

The One Health approach
The One Health approach
信用:改编自UNEP

One Health

Global efforts to reduce the impacts of emerging diseases are largely focussed on post-emergence outbreak control, quarantine, treatment and vaccine development. But, in the past decade a range of projects have been launched to identify existing viruses in animals and better understand the interface between wildlife, livestock and human interactions.

The University of California, Davis预测项目,美国国际开发署的一部分Emerging Pandemic Threats计划,旨在加强和支持全球监视和诊断能力,主要是在非洲和亚洲。预测说,它已经在一个健康中培训了30多个国家的近7000人,这是一种跨学科的,协作的方法来理解人畜共患病风险。

Still, more investment in early warning and preparedness is a priority, says Von Dobschuetz, to include the animal and wildlife health sectors in the One Health approach. The FAO and the WHO, along with the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) are adopting the approach.

倡导者说,改善医疗,兽医和野生动植物当局之间的合作和持续的合作是关键,并且需要制度化伙伴关系,以确保在危机时期之外的合作。

Meanwhile, Randolph and colleagues report that interventions to curb zoonotic diseases in animals, which were promising at the project level, are often not adopted by development programmes or the public sector. They emphasise the need for evidence-informed policy to better understand the complex risks between humans and livestock, as well as the possibilities for action to reduce diseases.