28/03/19

在可再生能源推出中为“最后一英里”供电

肯尼亚的生物消化器 - 主要
Farmer family outside Nairobi, Kenya, with their new biogas system. The bag digester was delivered by local biogas company Pioneer. Copyright: Sören Säf /SuSanA Secretariat(裁剪照片,CC BY 2.0

速度阅读

  • 向农村地区提供可再生能源构成后勤挑战
  • Many businesses also rely on subsidies to make them viable
  • 专家说,政府政策对于支持可再生能源至关重要。

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本文是支持的经过The Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio Center

哈比巴·阿里(Habiba Ali)至少需要三个小时的车程才能吸引她的客户 - 什么活力专家将称为“最后一英里”。当她从尼日利亚西北部Kaduna的基地出发时,通常不知道在哪里可以找到最需要太阳能的地方和人。

但是尽管来回不断,阿里很明显这是她的生意,SOSAI可再生能源, 需要是。

她说,大多数可再生能源的努力技术development, but forget that crucial last step: how to reach people who need it. “We’re more interested in what the customer wanted, and how that satisfied the need that they wanted to meet,” she adds.

“有很多技术。但是,确保人们能够购买它是我们试图解决的问题。”

哈比巴·阿里

阿里的工作并没有引起注意。下个月,她将加入华盛顿特区的其他女领导人接受an award from the Vital Voices Global Partnership由美国前国务卿希拉里·克林顿(Hillary Clinton)创立。

她的业务也得到了尼日利亚离网市场加速计划的支持(NoMAP), supported by the Shell Foundation and USAID. This will help expand Sosai into the rural off-grid market by getting around logistical hurdles such as collecting fees. “They’re also helping us to find communities easily”, says Ali, “so that when you set out of your office…you go with a plan”.

Reaching that ‘last mile’ is notoriously difficult, and one reason why roll-out of renewable energy in developing countries has been slow.

全球的ly, the energy transition is an uphill struggle: fossil fuel systems are entrenched, with政府缓慢地提出激励措施和关税,使可再生能源可行。

一份报告去年,由联合国的所有计划的可持续能源发行,绘制了一幅惨淡的图片,即随着对燃煤电厂的投资日益增长的投资,将财务流量减少到清洁电力上。

While delivering this “sobering reality check” the UN called on the global community to learn from “the few bright spots where gains have been made”, saying that proven technologies and business models do exist.

合适的驱动程序

印度被强调为那些“亮点”之一。其对可再生电力的年度私人投资在2015 - 16年度增至100亿美元,在两年内增长了六倍。据政府称,现在每个村庄都有电力,世界银行的数据在2016年将访问权限占人口的85%。

Harish Hande, seen as a pioneer in providing renewable energy in rural India through the Bangalore-based social enterprise SELCO (Solar Electric Light Company), says such statistics miss the point.

“我们说我们已经达到了为X村庄数量提供可持续能源的目标。[但是]他们是出于贫穷吗?”问汉。

Some 130 million people across the country still lack electricity. For Hande, the key is to focus on helping poorer people make a living when rolling out renewable energy systems.

SELCO focuses onmaking solar technology affordable, and Hande takes an unconventional line on staffing: doing away with resumes, he hired local technicians committed to finding solutions for people in rural areas.

他说:“这就是我们将成为一个以人为本的组织,”他补充说:“您需要获得可怜的客户的信任,无论他要安装的任何东西实际上都会起作用。”

在尼日利亚,阿里采用了类似的哲学。她说,第一步是了解乡村人每天面临的问题。

Sosai始于太阳能灯笼。沿着尼日利亚繁忙的通道,妇女在路边建立了摊位,出售热食或炸豆蛋糕等小吃,以卡车司机停下来休息过夜。一夜后,他们吸入煤油灯的有毒烟雾。

Ali’s business offered a clean alternative. First, single-point solar lanterns, then systems connected through a battery pack and a long wire, carrying two lamps or more.

阿里说:“我们拥有大量的产品,人们实际上可以根据效率,基于灯光的数量,基于美学的效率选择。”

选择很重要。对于农村地区的许多人来说,购买太阳系意味着至少要花费一个月的收入。

因此,负担能力也是如此。联合国挑出financing作为“持续挑战”和可再生能源过渡的主要障碍。

财务组合

接受过商业培训的阿里说,找到合适的财务结构是使Sosai工作的关键。她说:“有很多技术。”“但是确保人们能够购买它是我们试图解决的问题。”

The cost of buying kerosene or batteries adds up over time, ending up more expensive than a solar system that lasts for six or seven years. But buying solar means paying a lump sum up front. Sosai lowers the barrier by offering payment by instalments or pay-as-you-go financing.

In its latest穷人的能源前景报告, which looked at six programmes attempting to scale up renewable energy without excluding poor people, the NGO Practical Action found that every case had to begin – and sometimes continue – with subsidy. “The market alone will not reach areas and communities considered unprofitable,” it says.

通常需要大量的融资来源才能使计划工作。在印度尼西亚,联合国报告称成功故事的沼气烹饪的推动开始了双边协议与荷兰非政府组织Hivos和SNV一起使用。根据荷兰政府的大部分首都。印度尼西亚的国内沼气计划or比鲁, which now manages the programme.

由于该系统的成本至少为400美元,因此它取决于政府补贴和碳交易的成功,但Moies承认:“我们非常沮丧 - 非常小”,理由是一项可行性研究,其容量为100万用户。

在尼日利亚,阿里还利用了碳交易,使其成为Sosai通过清洁开发机制(CDM)的融资组合的一部分。项目。But funding from global programmes still seems out of reach.

“超过四分之三企业家我知道能源方面没有获得绿色气候基金。”阿里说。“我真的不知道它是如何工作的。”

不仅仅是金钱

财务可能对成功至关重要,但这还不足以使这些企业继续前进。

阿里不得不在她服务的村庄中招募人们来扩大业务。社区领导者建议谁可以信任多少债务。社区中的妇女代表Sosai以10%的佣金出售太阳能产品。

在印度尼西亚,Moies描述了支持沼气计划的机制网络。“碳资金有助于我们与40多个非政府组织,合作社和中小型企业(中小型企业)保持伙伴关系。我们训练与那些非政府组织或合作社(建造沼气罐)相关的泥瓦匠。”她说。

行业也有角色。雀巢为奶农提供融资,他们用农场生产的牛奶还清。Moeis说:“对于拥有五头母牛并生产足够的农民来说,这非常成功。”

穆伊斯说,政府政策也至关重要。在印度尼西亚,多年补贴液化石油气导致煤油使用率从所有燃料的36.6%下降到2007年至2016年之间的3.8%,而液化石油气的使用率则增长了72.4%。联合国称印度尼西亚是这种成功的燃料转化后面的“亮点”。

Moeis认为是时候进行另一次转换了。乳制品农民adopt biogas easily, she says. They like it because the digester uses up cow dung to produce organic fertiliser as well as energy.

根据Hande的说法,这些好处显然超出了全球气候目标,可再生能源政策缺少对发展的关注。“我们需要看sustainability整体的,”他说。“我们必须看看energy-health nexus, [the] energy-livelihood nexus. And that's when you merge theclimate goalswith theSDGs。”

本文由Scidev.net的全球版桌制作。


本文是支持的经过The Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio Center。For nearly 60 years the Bellagio Center has supported individuals working to improve the lives of poor and vulnerable people globally through its conference and residency programs, and has served as a catalyst for transformative ideas, initiatives, and collaborations.