抑郁对利比亚人造成巨大损失

[开罗]当他醒来利比亚领导人穆阿玛·卡扎菲（Muammar Gaddafi）在2011年被推翻的消息时，穆罕默德·约翰尼（Mohamm al-Johany）的混合使穆罕默德·约翰尼（Mohamm-Johany）淹没了。不幸的是，这种乐观主义很快就结束了。

一旦充满希望，Al-Johany就不愿意移动封面，宁愿花一天大部分时间睡觉。他闭上了眼睛，避开了悬挂在西北城市扬祖尔（Janzour）附近纳格拉中心（Al-Nageela Center）墙壁上的破烂的衣服和鞋子，那里有100多名移民和难民。

卡扎菲（Gaddafi）去世后在利比亚随后随之而来的混乱为黑人经济蓬勃发展提供了沃土。利比亚的梅德金斯（MédecinsSansières）（MSF）的医疗协调员罗伯特·金（Robert Kingu）表示，这些经济活动包括从非洲到欧洲的非法移民，导致3,000至5,000名移民和难民的拘留。

“我们已经看到一些男人看上去几乎活着，脸上没有任何表达。”

罗伯特·金（Robert Kingu）

Those immigrants live in detention centres that mostly fall well short of international standards, where depression afflicts inhabitants, and extends to nearby residents like al-Johany. Many detainees exhibit signs of social withdrawal, hyper-anxiety, acute psychosis, aggression and suicidal behaviour, says Kingu, adding: “We have seen some men who look barely alive, with their faces void of any expressions.”

A psychologist in one of Libya’s public hospitals, who declined to be named for fear of repercussions, said: “Under Gaddafi’s rule, civilians were subjected to extreme violations that hit them hard psychologically, and again they are facing the same situation, and even worse.”

利比亚两个竞争对手政府的部队之间的战斗正在肆虐，这破坏了本月初遭受脆弱的停火。由总理费耶兹·萨拉杰（Fayez al-Sarraj）领导并获得联合国认可的总部位于的黎波里国家协议的政府正在与该国东部的竞争对手政府争夺控制权，并与利比亚国民军队指挥官哈利法·哈夫塔尔（Khalifa Haftar）结盟。

酷刑和虐待

心理学家说，持续的暴力和缺乏国家权威导致了许多平民的酷刑，谋杀和强迫消失，进一步增加了心理障碍的发作。他补充说，在卡扎菲的统治期间，他的单位每天接受大约七至9名患者 - 现在他们承认25名。

调查study由丹麦研究所against Torture,尊严，回应了心理学家的言论。这项研究在2013年在班加西大学的研究和咨询中心的帮助下进行，研究了3,000个利比亚家庭的样本，以评估其心理需求。它得出结论，由于他们遭受的违规行为，大约三分之一的人口遭受了心理健康问题。

According to the study, one in every five households said a family member had disappeared, 11 per cent reported an arrest within the family, and 5 per cent said a family member had been killed. Forty-six per cent said a family member had been arrested and beaten, while 20 per cent had experience of torture, including suffocation, sexual, electrical or thermal torture.

这些数字似乎得到了study由世界卫生组织（WHO）进行，并发表在PLOS ONEjournal. The study, to assess the effect of the Libyan conflict on the population’s mental health, concluded that the incidence of mental health disorders has more than doubled as a result of the conflict.

Elizabeth Hoff, WHO representative in Libya, toldscidev.net：“七分之一的人群（超过一百万）可能需要抑郁症，双相情感障碍，创伤后应激障碍，焦虑和精神分裂症等疾病的心理保健。”

无处可转

Despite the increased onset of psychological disorders, there is only one specialist for every 300,000 people in Libya, and only five cities offer mental health services, according to Hoff. This represents an improvement since Gaddafi’s era, she added, with mental health services extended from Tripoli and Benghazi to Sabha, Ajdabiya and Misrata. However, it will take years to bridge the gap in mental health services in the country, to provide an adequate number of specialists and specialised centres.

欧盟于2019年启动了一个为期三年的项目，旨在缩小这些差距。利比亚（AMAL）项目的心理健康援助行动（意思是阿拉伯语的“希望”）正在寻求在黎波里，班加西和米斯拉塔的心理健康服务。

But Hoff is afraid that the long and continuous conflict in Libya might undermine such efforts. The country’s only facility for drug addiction, Benghazi's Al Irada drug addiction clinic, was closed from 2014 to 2015 after it was destroyed during clashes between Libyan armed forces and militia groups.

对于在拘留中心举行的人来说，处理疾病的唯一真正希望是解决冲突的决心，使他们的返回家园能够返回家乡。无国界医生团队在黎波里，霍姆斯，兹利登和阿尔茨坦坦的拘留中心工作，在那里他们提供公共卫生保健和心理健康支持。

“Those detainees, mostly from Eritrea and Somalia, have spent three years stuck in detention centres in Libya, and they are transferred from one centre to another, without any judicial review or legal proceedings, and for indefinite time,” says Kingu. “Some of them have been brutally tortured, in addition to enduring harsh detention conditions in overcrowded jails that see no sunlight and are kept closed for long periods.”

Kingu says the only solution is to get refugees back to safe asylum countries and take measures to control illegal migration. But he believes it to be a distant hope. Since December 2019, he says, more than 70 per cent of refugees and asylum seekers detained in Libya have been unable to return to their countries.