08/10/10

生物多样性:事实和数字

Greenfleet australia.jpg
Copyright: Greenfleet Australia

寄给朋友

这details you provide on this page will not be used to send unsolicited email, and will not be sold to a 3rd party. See privacy policy.

劳拉汉德总结了有关世界生物多样性的最新数据,并提供了有关其价值和保护它的努力的事实和数据。

此功能包含有关世界生物多样性程度和分布的最新数据。它还包括对不同物种群体的灭绝威胁的最新估计,以及关于生物多样性价值和保护它的努力的事实和数字。

这data are based mostly on the best available sources, including Conservation International, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, the 2009Red List of Threatened Species由国际自然界国际自然保护联盟(IUCN)出版生命星球报告,,,,and the Earth Trends database of the World Resources Institute.

Readers will notice that although the majority of the world's biodiversity is found in the developing world, most data have been collected and analysed in institutions based in richer countries.

值得庆幸的是,几个国际项目underway to build the biodiversity data-gathering capacity of research institutions in developing countries and to connect them to efforts in the developed world. These include the全球的生物多样性Information Facility和Proteus项目联合国世界保护监测中心

什么是生物多样性?

生物多样性(或生物多样性)是一个集体术语,意为地球上的整体生活和多样性。生物多样性包括物种内部的遗传多样性,物种之间的多样性以及生命存在和相互作用的生态系统范围。

How many species?

Estimates of the number of species on Earth vary from 3 million to 100 million. The UN Convention on Biological Diversity says there are some 13 million species, of which 1.75 million have been described ([1] and see below). A more updated figure comes from an analysis of the IUCN's 2008Red List of Threatened Species(the issue is not addressed in the 2009 Red List) which states that 1.8 million species have been described out of an estimated 5 million to 30 million in existence. [2]

数字of described species on Earth
物种 数字
细菌 4,000
原始主义者(藻类,原生动物) 80,,,,000
动物 - 脊椎动物 52,,,,000
动物 - 无脊椎动物 1,272,000
菌类 72,,,,000
植物 270,000
Total described species 1,750,000
所有物种的总数(包括未知物种) 14,000,000
资料来源:UNEP/全球环境前景(beplay足球体育的微博Ref 3

Where is biodiversity greatest?

通常,物种密度在南半球最大。

Seventy per cent of the world's species is found in just 12 countries: Australia, Brazil, China, Colombia, Costa Rica,the Democratic Republic of Congo,厄瓜多尔,,,,印度,,,,Indonesia, Madagascar, Mexico and Peru. The entire Hindu Kush–Himalayan belt has an estimated 25,000 plant species, comprising 10 per cent of the world's flora. [3]

热带地区支持估计250,000种植物中的三分之二。迄今为止记录的最高树多样性是砂拉越兰比尔山国家公园(马来西亚婆罗洲)的52公顷土地中的1200种。[4]总体而言,热带雨林被认为包含50-90%的所有物种。[5]约有2,600种鸟类(约占总数的30%)取决于热带森林。

血管植物物种*
Country 数字
Australia 15,638
巴西 56,215
China 8,200
哥伦比亚 32,200
Congo, Democratic Republic 11,,,,007
哥斯达黎加 12,119
厄瓜多尔 19,,,,362
印度 18,664
Indonesia 29,375
马达加斯加 9,505
墨西哥 26,,,,071
Peru 17,,,,144
资料来源:世界资源研究所,地球趋势(Ref 5
*血管植物是其组织传导流体的植物

依赖热带森林的鸟类
地区 数字
拉丁美洲 1,,,,300
非洲 400
亚洲 900
Total 2,600
资料来源:世界资源研究所(Ref 5

什么是“生物多样性热点”?

A biodiversity hotspot is an area of rich biodiversity that faces serious threats to its existence. The concept was developed by environmental scientist Norman Myers of Oxford University in the United Kingdom in an attempt to identify priority areas for biodiversity conservation. [6] The best-known proponent of the hotspots thesis is the US group Conservation International, which has produced a map of hotspots on the basis of their plant diversity and the impacts upon them. In addition to harbouring at least 1,500 endemic plant species, hotspots must also have lost more than 70 per cent of their original natural vegetation.

马达加斯加的陆地哺乳动物中有98%,其92%的爬行动物,68%的植物和41%的繁殖鸟类物种在地球上无处可存在。[7]厄瓜多尔加拉帕戈斯群岛特有的植物物种中有60%受到灭绝的威胁,加那利群岛的特有植物物种中有75%。[8] 25个生物多样性热点占所有植物物种的44%,所有陆地脊椎动物的35%仅存在于地球土地面积的1.4%。

一眼热点
区域 Original hotspot area (sq km) 今天的热点区域(平方公里) 保护区(平方km) 植物总物种 陆地脊椎动物总物种 Endemic bird species under threat Endemic mammal species under threat 地方性两栖动物
受到威胁
灭绝species since 1500*
Atlantic Forest 1,233,875 99,,,,944 50,370 20,000 1,,,,509 55 21 14 1
巴西ian Cerrado 2,031,990 438,910 111,,,,051 10,,,,000 1,027 10 4 2 0
加利福尼亚植物省 293,,,,804 73,,,,451 108,,,,715 3,,,,488 566 4 21 8 2
开普植物区 78,555 15,,,,711 10,859 9,000 514 0 1 7 1
加勒比群岛 229,,,,549 22,955 29,,,,605 13,000 1,,,,195 48 18 143 38
Caucasus 532,658 143,818 42,,,,721 6,,,,400 595 0 2 2 0
智利冬季降雨瓦尔迪维亚森林 397,142 119,,,,143 50,,,,745 3,892 335 6 5 15 0
Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa 291,250 29,125 50,,,,889 4,000 1,085 2 6 4 0
Guinean forests of West Africa 620,,,,314 93,047 108,104 9,000 1,,,,315 31 35 49 0
印度伯马 2,373,057 118,653 235,,,,758 13,500 2,,,,221 18 25 35 1
马达加斯加和印度洋岛 600,461 60,046 18,,,,482 13,000 849 57 51 61 45
地中海盆地 2,085,292 98,,,,009 90,,,,242 22,,,,500 945 9 11 14 5
Mesoamerica 1,130,019 226,,,,004 142,,,,103 17,000 2,,,,245 31 29 232 7
中国西南山 262,,,,446 20,996 14,034 12,,,,000 940 2 3 3 0
New Caledonia 18,972 5,,,,122 4,,,,192 3,,,,270 184 7 3 0 1
New Zealand 270,197 59,443 74,,,,260 2,,,,300 242 63 3 4 23
Philippines 297,179 20,,,,803 32,404 9,253 939 56 47 48 2
波利尼西亚和密克罗尼西亚 47,239 10,,,,015 2,,,,436 5,330 372 90 8 1 43
Southwest Australia 356,,,,717 107,015 38,379 5,571 521 3 6 3 2
Succulent Karoo 102,691 29,780 2,,,,567 6,356 395 0 1 1 1
桑达兰 1,,,,501,,,,063 100,,,,571 179,,,,723 25,,,,000 1,601 43 60 59 4
热带安第斯山脉 1,542,644 385,661 246,871 30,,,,000 2,904 110 14 363 2
Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena 274,597 65,903 34,,,,338 11,,,,000 1,,,,502 21 7 8 4
Wallacea 338,494 50,,,,774 24,,,,387 10,,,,000 1,091 49 44 7 3
西高止山脉和斯里兰卡 189,,,,611 43,,,,611 26,130 5,916 865 10 14 87 20
Source: Conservation International (Ref 6
* Endemic species of terrestrial vertebrate

什么是灭绝?

如果在长时间内无法进行详尽的调查,就无法找到一个单个成员,将一个物种归类为灭绝。这总结了IUCN使用的定义,该定义编译了周期性Red List of Threatened Species。但是,被称为灭绝的物种并不总是最后一句话。越南疣猪(Sus bucculentus例如,在1996年被列为灭绝。但是,在第二年发现新鲜头骨后,它被重新分类。一只哺乳动物,巴伐利亚松树(Microtus Bavaricus,,,,was rediscovered on the Germany–Austria border in 2000. It had previously not been seen since 1962. [9]

当前的灭绝率是多少?

当前物种灭绝的速率比“背景”率高很多倍,后者在长期的地质时期盛行。背景灭绝率有所不同,但基于化石记录的估计表明,在哺乳动物和鸟类中,每500至1000年损失了一个物种。[10]

According to Global Environment Outlook 4, species extinction is occurring at 100 times the natural rate, and is expected to accelerate to between 1,000 and 10,000 times the natural rate in the coming decades. [11] The IUCN says that the current rate of extinction may already be as high as 10,000 times the natural rate (http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/species/red_list/about_the_red_list/)。

什么是“质量灭绝”?

在相对较短的地质时间期间,大量物种的永久损失称为巨大灭绝。根据化石记录,已经存在五个历史大规模灭绝(请参见下表)。这些原因通常与地球环境和气氛的变化有关。beplay足球体育的微博现在,许多科学家认为,地球面临第六次大规模灭绝,部分原因是人类的活动。

大规模灭绝
灭绝期 因果
寒武纪已故
(〜5亿年前)
改变海平面
奥陶纪晚期
(4.4亿年前)
冰河(冰河时代)
Late Devonian
(~365 million years ago)
全球冷却
End Permian
(2.45亿年前)
96per cent of marine species and 75 per cent of terrestrial vertebrate families became extinct during this, the largest, mass extinction, which was caused by fluctuations in sea level and ocean salinity resulting from climate change
Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T)
(6500万年前)
Famed for the extinction of the dinosaurs and widely thought to have been caused by a meteor impact
资料来源:BBC教育(参考12

为什么生物多样性受到威胁?

对生物多样性的主要威胁是:将土地转化为农业,清除森林,气候变化,污染,自然资源的不可持续收获以及将所谓的外星物种引入非本beplay下载官网西西软件地的地区。[3]每个因素的重要性在地理上各不相同。但是,自1600年以来对动物灭绝的一项研究发现,有39%主要来自外星物种,占栖息地的36%,造成栖息地的39%,而狩猎或故意灭绝则产生了23%。[13]生物多样性损失的次要原因包括人群的增长,不可持续的消费模式,增加废物的产量,城市发展和国际冲突。[3]

How many species have become extinct recently?

根据IUCN的2009年,自1500年以来,至少803种已灭绝被威胁物种的红色清单。[9] 2004版本将该数字定为784。

这actual number of extinctions may be higher still as many extinctions have either not been detected or belong to a taxonomic group that has not been evaluated by the红名单。For example, the全球的Amphibian Assessment最近在列表中添加了29种灭绝物种。相比之下,2000年版Red List of Threatened Species确定了已灭绝的766种,1997年的版本确定了380种。

哺乳动物和昆虫的数量可能显示出灭绝的下降Red List of Threatened Species在几年之间。这是因为对灭绝的方式的变化,或者现在已知物种在1500年之前已灭绝,而不是通过其重新发现。

物种灭绝(或在野外灭绝)
灭绝 灭绝在wild Total
脊椎动物
哺乳动物 76 2 78
鸟类 133 4 137
Reptiles 20 1 21
两栖动物 37 2 39
90 13 103
小计 356 22 378
灭绝 灭绝在wild Total
无脊椎动物
Insects 60 1 61
甲壳类动物 7 1 8
软体动物 295 14 309
其他 1 0 1
小计 363 16 379
灭绝 灭绝在wild Total
植物
苔藓 2 0 2
蕨类植物 3 0 3
裸子植物 0 4 4
Dicots 77 22 99
Monocots 2 2 4
小计 84 28 112
累计 灭绝 灭绝在wild Total
803 66 869
Source: Red List of Threatened Species 2009 (Ref 9

灭绝的威胁有多少种?

这2008Red List of Threatened Species指出,灭绝威胁的物种数量为16,928。其中包括四分之一的哺乳动物,三分之一的两栖动物和八分之一的鸟。

这number of threatened species is increasing. In 2000, the全球生物多样性前景由《联合国生物多样性公约》发表的,报道说,有11,046种受到灭绝的威胁。这些包括脊椎动物(例如哺乳动物,鸟类和鱼类),无脊椎动物(例如昆虫)和植物。

然而,增加的原因之一是,列表的标准随着时间的推移而变化,而状态的某些变化反映了物种分类的变化。[10]

要被归类为受到灭绝的威胁,根据一组五个定量标准评估了一个物种。这些标准基于与灭绝风险有关的生物学因素,包括其下降速度,人口规模,地理分布面积以及其人口的分散程度。

哪些物种受到威胁?

根据IUCN的说法,对于大多数分类群体而言,仅评估了一小部分或极少数的描述物种的威胁状态(例如,不到0.1%的昆虫)。目前,鸟类和两栖动物是唯一已完全评估的生物。哺乳动物几乎全部评估(99%),但是这一数字正在减少,因为哺乳动物分类法的大量变化导致公认物种数量越来越多。在植物中,裸子植物(主要是针叶树和苏铁)是唯一几乎完全评估的主要植物群体(93%)。

近年来的灭绝率
数字of described species 数字of species evaluated by 2010 1996 - 98年受威胁物种的数量 2007年受威胁物种的数量 2008年受威胁物种的数量 2009年受威胁物种的数量 2010年受威胁物种的数量 在2010年受到威胁的数字,如所描述的物种的百分比
脊椎动物
哺乳动物 5,490 5,490 1,096 1,094 1,141 1,142 1,143 21%
鸟类 9,998 9,998 1,,,,107 1,217 1,,,,222 1,,,,223 1,,,,223 12%
Reptiles 9,,,,084 1,,,,672 253 422 423 469 467 5%
两栖动物 6,,,,433 6,,,,284 124 1,808 1,,,,905 1,,,,895 1,,,,895 29%
31,300 4,446 734 1,,,,201 1,275 1,,,,414 1,,,,414 5%
小计 62,305 27,890 3,,,,314 5,742 5,966 6,143 6,142 10%
无脊椎动物
Insects 1,000,000 2,886 537 623 626 711 740 0。06%
软体动物 850,,,,000 2,,,,305 920 978 978 1,036 1,037 1%
甲壳类动物 47,000 1,,,,735 407 460 606 606 606 1%
其他 173,250 955 27 48 286 286 286 30%
小计 1,305,250 7,881 1,,,,891 1,,,,928 1,,,,932 1,,,,959 1,,,,992 34%
Source: 2009 Red List of Threatened Species (Ref 9

哪些生态系统受到威胁?

生命星球报告2008,由世界自然基金会(WWF)出版,是世界生态系统状态的指标。该报告跟踪了1,600多种淡水,海洋和陆地物种的人口趋势。在1970年至2005年之间,陆地物种的种群下降了33%。海洋物种的种群下降了14%,淡水种群下降了35%。[14]

Within each of these categories, some ecosystems are more threatened than others.

如今,只有世界原始森林覆盖物中的五分之一仍然存在于相对不受干扰的森林中 - 世界资源学院所说的“边境森林”。[15]

An estimated 58 per cent of the world's coral reefs, some of which rival tropical rainforests for biodiversity, are at risk from human activities. In South-East Asia, more than 80 per cent of reefs are at risk. [15]

How is agriculture affecting biodiversity?

beplay下载官网西西软件农业是生物多样性丧失的主要贡献者。农业用地的扩大速度因地区而异。但是,在拉丁美洲,撒哈拉以南非洲以及南亚和东南亚,由于农业造成的许多生物多样性损失正在发生。beplay下载官网西西软件

区域of agricultural land by region (1900–1980) in sq km
1961年 2007 % change
北美 5,,,,175,,,,730 4,789,970 +7.5
南美洲 4,409,030 5,801,850 +31.6
Europe 7,829,225 4,,,,742,,,,735 -39.4
World 44,,,,571,,,,055 49,,,,318,,,,620 +10.7
Eastern Africa 2,,,,839,,,,540 3,,,,025,,,,553 +6.6
南亚 3,,,,088,,,,590 3,101,290 +0.4
东南亚 842,210 1,176,602 +39.7
China 3,432,480 5,,,,528,,,,320 +61
资料来源:国际环境与发展学院/世界资源研究所(beplay足球体育的微博参考15)

生物多样性的价值是什么?

这importance of biodiversity to the functioning of ecosystems is well established. There is also, however, a considerable body of research on the economic value of biodiversity.

如果一个物种灭绝,则可能会对与之相互作用的其他物种产生连锁反应。确实,2004年9月发表的分析Science[17] suggested that the number of species globally threatened with extinction is nearly 50 per cent higher than the number currently listed as endangered. This is because the survival of 6,300 non-threatened species depends on the existence of threatened species.

Some species are — by virtue of their interactions with others — important to the continued existence of their ecosystems. These are known as 'keystone' species. The extinction of a keystone species is predicted to cause a cascade of further extinctions.

生物多样性的经济价值是什么?

Individual species play a critical role in human food, medicine, biological pest control, materials (such as timber) and, recently, recreation. Southern Africa's wildlife, for instance, attracted more than 9 million visitors in 1997, bringing a total of US$4.1 billion to the region.

植物品种used as food by humans
人使用/分类 植物品种
Total described species 250,000
食用 30,,,,000
Cultivated 7,,,,000
Important on national scale 120
占世界卡路里的90% 30
Source: UN Food and Agriculture Organization (参考18

1997年,世界上25种最畅销的药物中有十种来自自然来源。从遗传资源衍生的药物的全球市场价值估计为每年750亿至1500亿美元。全球约80%的人口依赖于直接来自自然来源的传统药物的医疗保健。[3]

In China, for example, more than 5,000 of the estimated 30,000 identified domestic species of plants are used for medicinal purposes. More than 40 per cent of all prescriptions written in the United States contain one or more drugs that originated from wild species of fungi, bacteria, plants and animals. [18]

除了单个物种的重要性外,研究人员还发现,生态系统在为人类提供“服务”方面也起着重要作用,并且可以为这些服务提供货币价值。

In 2004, research published in the美国国家科学院论文集例如,表明保护热带森林可以增加哥斯达黎加咖啡农的利润。[19]研究表明,由于野生蜜蜂的授粉越大,较近的咖啡灌木植入了森林斑块上,它们产生的豆类越多。蜜蜂在这些森林斑块中提供的额外授粉增加了哥斯达黎加咖啡农场的收入7%。

另一项研究揭示了老挝的卢国沼泽(Luang Marsh)中城市湿地对人类的直接和间接财务利益。[20] 20公里2,,,,this is the largest wetland in the city of Vientiane, and generates goods and services with an economic value in excess of US$4.8 million per year. These benefits include water purification for people who live around the marsh, as well as for the residents of the city as a whole. [21]

Ecological economists study the relationship between economics and ecology. In 1997, a group of ecological economists tried to estimate a value for all of the world's 'ecosystem services'. Led by Robert Costanza of the University of Maryland in the United States, they calculated that the Earth provides 'services' worth a minimum of US$16 trillion to US$54 trillion to humans per year (compared to the global total gross national product (GNP) of US$18 trillion). [21] The study generated considerable controversy, not least from traditional economists who remain cautious about attempts to put monetary values on ecological services.

这2006Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change警告说,未能对气候变化采取行动将使每年GDP的5%至20%的损失损失。只有2°C的变暖后,有15%至40%的物种可能面临灭绝。[22]现在正在进行类似的项目来量化生物多样性的经济学。它被称为生态系统和生物多样性(TEEB)的经济学,并由联合国环境计划协调。beplay足球体育的微博

多少星球受到保护?

这2003联合国保护区名单[23]列出了102,102个站点,覆盖1,880万公里2。Of the total area protected, it is estimated that 17.1 million km2is in terrestrial protected areas, or 11.5 per cent of the global land surface. Marine areas are significantly under-represented in this global system of protected areas. Approximately 1.64 million km2位于海洋保护区 - 估计占世界海洋的0.5%,不到全球保护区总范围的十分之一。

根据对同类最全面的分析,至少有300种濒危,237种濒危,237种危险的鸟类,哺乳动物,乌龟和两栖动物在其范围的任何部分都没有保护自然在2004年。[24]

What is the cost of conserving biodiversity?

根据发表在Bioscience在2004年。[25]

Scientists estimate that between US$20 billion and US$25 billion must be spent annually to achieve effective global conservation. [26]

2002年,他们之间的五个国际组织花费了15亿美元来保护生物多样性。它们是:世界银行,全球环境设施,IUCN,自然保护协会和野生动植物保护协会beplay足球体育的微博。根据美国大学研究人员和全球保护组织的一项新研究,这一数额在美国花费了一半。[26]

根据经济合作与发展组织(OECD)发展援助委员会(DAC)的分析,与生物多样性相关的援助一直在下降。1998年,DAC的19名成员在与生物多样性有关的项目上花费了近11亿美元。第二年,这跌至10亿美元以上,并在2000年再次跌至8.65亿美元。[26]

全球环境设施是《联合国beplay足球体育的微博生物多样性公约》的主要资金机制。捐助者在2002年向该基金捐款18亿美元。将近17%的援助将用于与生物多样性相关的项目。[27]

2010年及以后的目标

在2002年世界可持续发展的世界峰会上,国际社会承诺在2010年降低全球生物多样性损失的速度。针对该目标的指标包括有效地保护世界上至少10%的世界生态区域;改善受威胁物种的地位;确保没有国际贸易危害野生动植物或动植物的物种;并向发展中国家提供新的和额外的财务资源和技术,以帮助他们履行其保护承诺。

However, the target has not been met. The UN has declared 2010 the International Year of Biodiversity and member states of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity plan to meet to discuss future targets. The year will culminate in the Nagoya biodiversity summit in October, where they will set out a vision for 2050 and identify new targets and produce a new strategy to prevent biodiversity loss.

劳拉汉德writes on global biodiversity policy for Research Europe (www.researchresearch.com/europe)。

该文档更新了Mike Shanahan和Ehsan Masood于2004年10月制作的早期版本。

References

[1] Secretariat of the Convention for Biological Diversity. Sustaining Life on Earth: How the Convention on Biological Diversity promotes nature and human well-being (2002)

[2]不断变化的世界中的野生动植物:对2008年红色威胁物种的分析

[7]人口和环境的地图集beplay足球体育的微博。American Association for the Advancement of Science/University of California Press (2001)

[8]联合国环beplay足球体育的微博境计划

[9]Red List of Threatened Species,,,,IUCN

[10]May, Lawton and Stork (1995), cited in Global Environment Outlook 3
[11] Global Environment Outlook 4 (2007)
[12] BBC Education

[13]世界保护监测中心,全球的生物多样性: Status of the Earth's Living Resources(Chapman and Hall, 1992)

[16]国际环境与发展与世界资源研究所(1987)beplay足球体育的微博[kb],引用

[17] Koh, L. P. Species coextinctions and the biodiversity crisis.Science305,1632–1634(2004)

[18]粮农组织,世界植物遗传资源用于食品和农业的植物遗传资源(1997)beplay下载官网西西软件

[19] Ricketts, T. H., Daily, G. C., Ehrlich, P. R. & Michener, C. D. Economic value of tropical forest to coffee production.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA101,,,,12579–12582 (2004)

[20] IUCN皇太后沼泽,老挝人民民主共和国:比赛e of wetlands for urban populations (2004)

[21] Costanza, R.。世界生态系统服务和自然资本的价值观。自然387,253–260(1997)

[23] United Nations List of Protected Areas (2003)

[24] Rodrigues,A。等。全球差距分析:扩展全球保护区网络的优先区域BioScience54,1092–1100(2004)

[25] Balmford,A。等。我们可以负担得起保护生物多样性吗?Bioscience 51,43-52(2001)

[26]Halpern, B. S.等。Gaps and mismatches between global conservation priorities and spending.Conservation Biology20,50-64(2006)

[27]Zedan, H. Indicators for assessing progress towards the 2010 target. Secretariat of UN convention on Biological Diversity 15–16 (2004)