28/11/16

Leave no child behind: Moving the agenda forward

主要图像儿童福利

寄给朋友

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Most of the world now recognises that only by creating an environment in which孩子们can reach their full potential can the poorest children compete as adults on a more level playing field.

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在千年发展目标的基础上,全球保护儿童的进步(MDGS), means that children born today are roughly 40 per cent more likely to survive to their fifth birthday than those born in 2000, less likely to live in poverty and more likely to be in school.


按国家 /地区的5岁以下年轻人的死亡率(2015年)

Hover on the interactive map above to explore and单击此处扩展

自2000年以来,包括埃塞俄比亚,利比里亚,马拉维,莫桑比克和尼日尔在内的24个中低收入国家实现了将其五岁以下死亡率降低三分之二的目标。



但是,如果MDG年的趋势持续下去,到2030年,估计有1.67亿儿童(撒哈拉以南非洲的大多数儿童)仍将生活在极端贫困中。

Nearly two hundred million children will be denied opportunities to complete school, and children from the poorest households will remain the most likely to die from preventable causes, such as疾病and营养不良

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早产并发症仍然杀死最大的婴儿,第二次肺炎,占五岁以下儿童死亡的16%。


向可持续发展目标的过渡(可持续发展目标) last year recognised that, despite progress such as reducing under-five mortality by two-thirds, too many易受伤害的孩子们are left behind by the movements designed to protect them.

联合国儿童基金会的研究强调,尽管低训练的国家在降低儿童死亡率方面取得了成功,例如马拉维,巴基斯坦和尼日利亚,减少内部不平等的成功率较小。通常可以通过针对富裕的社区来实现更快的结果,这意味着富人和贫困儿童之间的生存差距实际上扩大了。

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有限的经济增长并不意味着不能降低5岁以下的死亡率

2000 - 2015年的五岁以下死亡率降低率,以及GDP的年度变化率,2000- 2014年,国家 /地区。气泡尺寸/颜色显示2015年5岁以下的死亡率低于5。单击此处扩展

Data surveyed in 51 high-mortality counties shows that in terms of percentages, more children’s lives are saved by concentrating on the poorest communities.

巴基斯坦儿童最终

Gender inequality

国家内部的歧视也意味着贫穷girlsliving in rural areas still tend to have the least access to education, with ethnic origin and disability pushing some further down the order. Girls who receive no education are also up to six times more likely to be married as children than girls educated to secondary school level.

在世界脆弱人群中有已婚女孩,缺乏教育consequently impacts maternal and therefore child health.


童婚每年影响1500万儿童,偷走童年,因此影响孕产妇的健康,从而影响儿童健康

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教育还可以保护女孩免受早婚。那些很少或没有教育的人与中学上学的女孩最多是孩子的婚姻可能性是孩子的六倍。已婚女孩是世界上最脆弱的人之一。

全球对经济增长的重视

Although initiatives such as conditional and unconditional cash transfers, generally acknowledged as reducing the poverty gap, depend on huge financial commitments from governments, improving the lives of children isn’t always synonymous with the global focus on economic growth.

例如,印度和尼日利亚都经历了快速的经济增长,但都降低了儿童死亡率的缓慢。

In Nepal, one of the poorest countries in the world, lower cost impact has been achieved by communities working with civic authorities to improve sanitation by creating 27 open defecation-free districts, while teams of female volunteers have drastically reduced maternal mortality by working with健康workers to reach some of the country’s most marginalised areas

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在教育方面,正如撒哈拉以南非洲初级入学率爆炸所证明的那样,更多的钱本身并不一定会带来更好的学习成果。更重要的是分配资源以确保教学质量并达到最脆弱的方式。

Towards a universal index

朝着可持续发展目标的誓言努力,没有人留下并达到最远的挑战policymakers是否超出了生存的基本斗争之外,没有一个普遍的指数来衡量孩子的健康和保持政府负责。

Once basic survival is assured, other more subjective indicators define wellbeing, such as life satisfaction, cultural identity, civic participation and resilience. Obesity and mental health have become priorities in richer countries, and in countries struggling to recover from financial recession, parental unemployment, loss of income and eviction from the family home negatively affects children’s lives.

在三分之二的互联网用户现在是孩子的情况下,低收入国家 /地区的访问成为在线搜索建议的儿童的优先事项,尤其是在没有其他地方可以寻求帮助的地方。

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Just as we might think we are nearing a consensus to define wellbeing, the ground shifts. UNICEF estimates that nearly 50 million children havemigrated近年来,跨境或被强行流离失所,许多人只是从雷达上掉下来。这World Health Organisationhas predicted a quarter of a million additional deaths each year from malaria, diarrohea and heat stress caused byclimate change

Sarah Cook, director of the UNICEF Office of Research-Innocenti, says, “Each new global crisis risks setting back child welfare. The difficulty for policymakers is how to conceptualise invisible issues such as climate change and migration, and raise them to macro level.”

Moving forward

股权首先要确定被遗忘的人以及原因,但是由于近四分之四的五分之一以下的孩子的出生从未记录下来,并且缺乏整理和报告确实存在的数据的标准化方法,因此证据不可能是翻译成政策。

当涉及优先事项时,库克说挑战还在于如何将可持续营养和清洁水的直接需求与基于科学的研究(例如表观遗传学)以及阻碍对脑发育的影响融入一个连贯的叙事,以告知政策。

这success of the 2030 agenda for sustainable development depends on how commitments are delivered for and with children, and prioritising the voices of those not even on the radar. Ultimately, an ageing population, facing its own problems and with the benefit of a vote, could otherwise begin to force children off the agenda.

这件作品由Scidev.net的全球桌子生产。

This article is supported by CIFAR。这institute convened a Forum on the Well-Being of the World's Children in London November 17-19.

References

每个孩子的机会,联合国儿童基金会,2016年。
Climate change and health,世界卫生组织,2016年。
UIS Stat,联合国教科文组织。